The OSA/OCA is connected to any monitor port (Mon1 to Mon4) or connected to all monitor ports via an optical switch. For regular nodes without add-drop channels (on the right), two amplifiers are used, one for each direction, as shown in Figure 15.10(b). VOAs are used for power adjustment and gain-tilt control. This configuration can compensate extra loss introduced by the add-drop coupler and dispersion-compensating modules (DCMs). For the add-drop node (on the left), there are four amplifiers, two for eastbound and two for westbound. Figure 15.10 shows configurations of intermediate nodes with and without add-drop channels. ![]() For a long-haul system, adding OSA/OCA every three to five amplifiers along the transmission link can provide sufficient information for system optimization. There is no need to add an OSA/OCA at each inline amplifier. OSA/OCAs can be used to optimize amplifier link.
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